Why Organic Chemistry is a Seprarate Branch of Chemistry ?

Organic chemistry obey the same fundamental laws of chemistry that Hold for  inorganic
compounds. however, they are studied as a separate discipline becaues of the following reasons.

{1}  Large number of compounds.

There are approximately 100,000 known inorganic compounds and this number is  not repidly increasing.
on the other hand, ther are over 5 million known organic compounds and several thousand new compunds
are synthesised each year. if the study of 5 million organic compounds was included with that of carbon
under inorganic chemisttry, it would throw the subject out of balance.

{2} Unique chemical and physical prperties.

There are maked differnace between the compostion, structure, and properties of organic  and inorganic
compoounds which make their study as a separate branch more practical and useful.

{3} Unique character of  carbon.

Carbon has the ability to bond successively to other carbon atoms to from chain of varying lengths and shapes.
this property of carbon is called " catenation" and is responsible for the variety and large number of organic
compounds.

Importantances of Organic Chemistry.

No field of sciences is so closly related with our daily activities as" ORGAINIC CHEMISTRY" .the food we eat, the changes with this food undergoes inour body are organic chemical reation, the clothes we wear, the soap and strach used to lainder them, the leather in our shoes, the furniture used  in our houses, the paint and varnish , the fuel and lubricants are all organic  in nature. the importances of organic compounds in Everyday Life is Shown by the Following List..

1. Food                                     : Proteins, Fats, Carbohydrates,
2. Clothing                                :Cotton, Silk, Wool, Nylon, Rayon, Dacron,
3. Shelter                                  :Wood, paints, varinshes,
4. Power and transportantion       : Natural Gas, Petroleum Products, Coal,
5. Medicienes and drugs             : Penicillin G, Streptomycin, LSD,
6. Insecticides                            :DDT
7. Herbicides                               :Treflan, 2, 4-D
8. Hormones and steroids
9. Vitamins and enzymes
10. Pigments and dyes
11. Paper and inks
12. Photographoc film and developers
13. Perfumes and flavours
14. PPlastics,rubber and flavours
15. Plropellants and explosives
16. Soaps and detergents
17. Refrigerants

Modern Defination Of organic Chemistry

The modern defination of organic chemistry  may be simply be stated as "Organic Chemistry is Defined as The Study of Compostion Properties and Structureof Carbon Compound " except

(1) Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
 Formula   CO2

Density     1.98 kg/m³

Molar mass  44.01 g/mol

Boiling point   -57 °C

Melting point   -78 °C

Soluble in        Water

(2) Carbon Monoxide (co)

Formula           CO
Molar mass	28.010 g/mol
Appearance	colourless gas
Odor	odorless
Density	789 kg/m3, liquid 1.250 kg/m3 at 0 °C, 1 atm 1.145 kg/m3 at 25 °C, 1 atm
Melting point	−205.02 °C, 68 K, -337 °F
Boiling point	−191.5 °C, 82 K, -313 °F
Solubility in watER	27.6 mg/1 L (25 °C)
Solubility	soluble in chloroform, acetic acid, ethyl acetate, ethanol, ammonium hydroxide, benzene

(3) Carbon Disulphide (CS₂)
Formula: CS₂

Boiling point: 46.3 °C

Molar mass: 76.139 g/mol

IUPAC ID: Carbon disulfide

Density: 1.26 g/cm³

Melting point: -110.8 °C

Viscosity 0.363
Flash point -30 °C
Explosive limits 1.3–50%
Related compounds: Carbon dioxide
Carbonyl sulfide
Carbon diselenide
Thermodynamic
data: Phase behaviour
Solid, liquid, gas
(4) Carbonates e.g Na₂CO₃  
Formula: Na₂CO₃

Molar mass: 105.9784 g/mol

Density: 2.54 g/cm³

Melting point: 851 °C

Boiling point: 1,633 °C

Soluble in: Water

 Flash point   Non-flammable

(5) Bicarbonates e.g NaHCO₃
Formula: NaHCO₃

Molar mass: 84.007 g/mol

IUPAC ID: Sodium hydrogen carbonate

Melting point: 50 °C

Density: 2.20 g/cm³

Soluble in: Water

(6) Cyanide e.g KCN
Formula: KCN

IUPAC ID: Potassium cyanide

Molar mass: 65.12 g/mol

Boiling point: 1,625 °C

Density: 1.52 g/cm³

Soluble in: Water

Solubility in methanol	4.91 g/100 mL (20 °C)
Solubility in glycerol	soluble
Solubility in formamide	14.6 g/100 mL
Solubility in ethanol	0.57 g/100mL
Solubility in hydroxylamine	41 g/100 mL

(7) Thiocyanates e.g NaSCN
Formula: NaSCN

Molar mass: 81.072 g/mol

Density: 1.74 g/cm³

Melting point	287 °C, 560 K, 549 °F
Solubility in water	139 g/100 mL (21 °C)
Solubility	soluble in acetone, alcohols

(8) Cyanates e.g KOCN {potassium cyanate}

Molecular formula	KOCN
Molar mass	81.1151 g/mol
Appearance	white, crystalline powder
Density	2.056 g/cm3
Melting point	315 °C
Boiling point	~ 700°C, decomp.
Solubility in water	75 g/100 mL
Solubility	very slightly soluble in alcohol

(9) _Carbides e.g CaC_{2  {}Calcium carbide}

Molecular formula	CaC2
Molar mass	64.099 g/mol
Appearance	White powder to grey/black crystals
Density	2.22 g/cm3
Melting point	2160 °C, 2433 K, 3920 °F
Boiling point	2300 °C, 2573 K, 4172 °F
Solubility in water	decomposes

These compound contain carbon but studied as a part of inorganic chemistry  due to their properties

INTRODUCTION OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY IN ENGLISH

INTRODUCTION

there are two main classes of chemical compounds:

                                                      (1)  Inorganic compounds
                                                      (2)  Orgnaic compounds

• in the early day of chemistry,all substences knowe were classicfaid on the basic of their origin so the compounds having mineral origan were knowe as" Inorganic Compounds" (e.g) table salt, marble salt, carbon dioxide etc.

• the compounds which have vegatable or animals origin were knowe as "Organic Compounds".(e.g)acetic acis, alcohol, acetone, gluocse, sucrose, etc

 VITAL FORCE THEORY

at one time, it was believes that organic compound be only produced by living matter. for living matter a special force called " vital force" was neccessary.


this concept ( vital force theory ) was unchallenged since 1828 and no effort was made to produce organic compound in lab. in the latter part of 1828, the german shemist " fridrich whohler" perpared urea in the lab by heating ammonium cyanate, derived from inorganic substances. this synthetically made urea in the lab was proved  to be indentical in all respect  with urea (isolated from urine)

 KOCN+ NH₄Cl -------------------------------->KCL + NH₄OCN

 (Ammonium Chloride. MOL WT 53.491 NH4CL)


                                         _{o
                                                                                 !!}
             NH4OCN _{------------------------> NH2---C---NH2                        
   (}Ammonium Cyanate mol.wt 60.05526 NH4OCN) 

 

this synthesis of an organic compound from totally inorganic compound material did not immediately breakdown the old concept. in the folowing year synthesis of msny organic compound were archived. thus by 1850, the vital force theory was finally and decisively disproved. it had become evident, howere, that most of the compounds formed by living cells contained "CARBON" and the concept regarding organic compound was shifted from" ORIGN  to COMPOSTION  and organic compounds are considered as those containing "CARBON".